Leptin inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress.

Leptin is a newly identified protein hormone that is synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue. Absence of the mature hormone is responsible for the obese phenotype of ob/ob mice. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) is activated in ob/ob mice, and chronic administration of leptin to ob/ob mice decreases plasma corticosterone levels, suggesting that the adipose hormone is capable of inhibiting the HPAA. The aim of this study was to determine whether leptin feeds back acutely to inhibit the HPAA of normal mice and rats. Male C57BL mice were injected ip with 100 microl saline and 2 or 4 microg/g BW mouse leptin in saline vehicle, and 4 h later they were subjected to 2 h of restraint stress by taping the hind limbs together or no stress. Hind leg restraint stimulated the HPAA as measured by significant (P < 0.05) elevation of both ACTH and corticosterone. Pretreatment with recombinant mouse leptin blocked the stress-mediated stimulation of both plasma hormones. To determine whether this inhibition was exerted at the hypothalamic level through inhibition of CRH, we studied leptin action on isolated rat hypothalami perifused with Krebs-Ringer buffer containing glucose (5.5 mM). CRH secretion was stimulated by decreasing the glucose concentration of the buffer to 1.1 mM. A surge of CRH was released over a 2-h period (basal integrated release was 14.4 +/- 1.6 pg/2 h, n = 5 and increased to 34.7 +/- 3.1 pg/2 h, n = 14). This response was blocked by mouse leptin in a dose-dependent manner (integrated stimulated CRH secretion was 30.6 +/- 2.5 pg/2 h, n = 5; 20.5 +/- 3.6 pg/2 h, n = 7; 15.3 +/- 4.3 pg/2 h, n = 3 for 1 nM, 3 nM and 30 nM, respectively). Leptin did not alter secretion of ACTH from rat primary cultured pituitary cells. These data demonstrate that leptin can inhibit hypothalamic CRH release, either directly or indirectly through another hypothalamic neuropeptide such as neuropeptide-Y. Dysfunctional leptin, insufficient leptin levels, or leptin resistance should each result in a partial open loop, thereby accounting for elevated glucocorticoid levels that accompany and contribute to many obese phenotypes. Leptin's ability to inhibit CRH release is the likely explanation for its ability to inhibit activation of the HPAA in response to stress.